Brahman Granths are offshoots of
Vedas. Each Veda had several Brahman Granths but only a few are now available.
With the passage of time most of them have disappeared.
Two Brahmans of Rig-Veda viz.
Shankhayan and Etreya are available. Shankhayan is also known as Koupeetki.
Similarly, there are three
Brahman granths of Yajur-veda also, ie. Shatpath, Kanva and Tettareeya, eleven
Brahman of Sam-Veda viz. Aarsheya, Jaiminiarsheya, Sanhitopnishad, Mantra,
Vansh, Samvidhan, Shadvinsha, Devat, Tandya, Jaiminya, Jaiminiya Upanishad
Brahman and only one of Atharva-veda which is known as Gopath Brahman. Parse 31
to38 of Gopath Brahman are known as Gayatri Upanishad in which the important
secret of Gayatri has been explained in the episode of discussion between
Maitereya and Moudgalya. According to its literal meaning Gayatri is a prayer
for illumination and uplifting of the intellect. But, in this Upanishad several
secrets relating to Brahma-vidya (divine knowledge) and Padarth vidya (material
knowledge) have been revealed.
Gayatri Upanishad starts with a
narration in which Maitreya, who was a great scholar and delivered discourses
on the three Vedas, had ridiculed Moudgalya by saying that he did not teach anything
substantial to his disciples he enquired from Maitreya what he knew about the
secret of gayatri. Maitreya could
not give and reply.
Maitreya had very well understood
the intention of Moudglya. When he pondered over the matter deeply he realized
that he had not understood that secret of Gayatri by which the Mantra has
assumed it's pre-eminence. Unless the fundamental basis was known it was no use
knowing exterior symbols. He realized that it was no use delivering discourses
on Vedas so long as their origin was not known. He, therefore, resolved that he
would first understand the secret behind Gayatri and only then do any other
work. He sent away his students and approached Moudgalya with humility and
devotion befitting a true seeker and student who approached a master for
initiation into sacred knowledge. Contrary to this, in modern times the
students are most impertinent and disrespectful and all their education goes
waste for want of proper discipline and blessings of the teachers.
Maitreya asked Moudgalya the
secret underlying the first part of Gayatri and asked three questions. His
first question was, What is Varenya of Savita, which means how that luminous
God can be obtained. Secondly, what is the Bharga of that Dev. Thirdly, what is
that medium by which God gives inspiration to all or by which the grace of God
is attained?
Moudgalya replied (1) Veda and
Chand are Varenyam of Savita. (2) Anna (food-grain) is known as Bharga of Dev,
and (3) Karma (action) is that dhee element by which God gives inspiration to
all, develops all. Let us now ponder over these three questions and their
answers, one by one.
1. Veda meand knowledge and
Chand implies experience. In fact, God is realized by the knowledge of self.
But the knowledge implied here is not mere surface knowledge. A man may read
countless books like a donkey loaded with a heavy weight, he may deliver
discourses like a parrot but all this does not add up to true knowledge. Our
knowledge of truth should be based on self-experience. A man should have
intrinsic faith in truth when once it has been established on the basis of
reasoning, logic, proof and example. This faith should be reflected in our day
to day conduct. It should first be determined with open-mindedness,
truthfulness and impartiality which principles are appropriate, propitious and
beneficial for the overall wellbeing. Once it is agreed that virtues like truth
benevolence self-restraint, honesty etc. are the highest from every point of
view, they should be put into practice. When true knowledge ripens and gets
deeply rooted in devotion it leads to self-realization. Knowledge without
experience is effete. Experience does not stand on sound footing without
knowing the principles. When man's true knowledge culminates into faith, when
he gets rid of vanity, deception, malice, hypocrisy, cunningness and conceit
and when single-pointed faith and devotion reign supreme in one's psyche, God
can be instantly realized. Thus, Savita has been described as combination,
coordination, of Veda (knowledge) and Chand (experience). In short God can be
realized through knowledge and experience combined together.
2. Replying to the second
question Moudgalya said that Bharga of Dev is Anna. Material resources are the
strength of a superior person. Superiority or excellence can be strengthened
only when anna (food) or material
resources are available. Material resources and wealth constitute a power
which, if it goes in the hands of the Asuras (demons) increase devilish
tendencies and if it goes in the hands of Devata (godly person) promotes
godliness. If power to govern a country lies in the hands of cruel and wicked
persons they would spread viciousness. The extent to which Nepal has been
ruined due to foreign rule in the past centuries is well-known. If this
political power is handled by good, righteous people, the country can make
exemplary progress, as has been done in countries like Russia, America etc. In
his book on Geeta, Yogi Aurobindo has written that "peace and happiness
will prevail in the world if Lakshyami (material prosperity) is possessed by
virtuous persons. The world is bound to suffer calamity if Lakshyami goes in
the hands of demons. "God-like persons need material resources, wealth,
not for sensual enjoyment, greed, hoarding, vanity or doing injustice to other,
but for defending and promoting godliness, so that the people may be able to
make themselves strong, active and resourceful. Anna (food) or material
resources have been regarded as the symbol of Lakshyami. Thus, Moudgalya
replied that Bharga of Dev is Anna, the worldly s trength of good persons lies
in material resources. Without material resources they will remain weak in the
physical field.
3. The third reply of Moudgalya
is that action (Karma) alone is dhee element by which God inspires and uplifts
all. This is absolutely true that everyone is uplifted and evolved through
God's grace. God inspires everybody towards higher levels of evolution, towards
progress. It should, however, be understood that inspiration is 'dhee'. Dhee
means that intellect which gives inspiration and incentive to do God like
deeds. A person who is favored by the grace of God is endowed with wisdom
accordingly. Whether a person enjoys blessings of 'dhee' or not can be judged
by examining whether he is industrious and diligent and does his work
enthusiastically. A person endowed with such a nature should be considered to
have been blessed with dhee element by God.
Several persons are habitually
indolent, dull and apathetic. They do work half-heartedly without any
enthusiasm. A little exertion makes them tired. Such person's would be
considered to be devoid of dhee element. Obviously, they are doomed to remain
unlucky in the absence of enlightened intellect which inspires men to utilize
their energies in worthwhile pursuits.
There can be no two opinions that
Moudgalya's aforesaid teaching is true. Those who blame one's luck and think
that what is destined cannot be averted may feel satisfied by accusing others
for their misfortunes but the fact is that they have been deprived of God's
grace through his own indolence. This grace of God is available to all and is
within everybody's reach. By adopting dhee, which also means purposeful
industriousness, everybody can become entitled to get divine grace and achieve
progress. God never deprives anyone of His grace. It is man himself who
foolishly turns his face against it.
The last question which Maitreya
asked was, what is Savita, what is Savitri? Savita has been regarded as devta
(God) of Gayatri. Every Mantra has its own devta which denoted as to what is
the subject of that Mantra. As Savita is devta of Gayatri it is apparent that
the prime devta of this Mantra. It is for this reason that Gayatri is also
known as Savitri.
Moudgalya replied that Savita and
Savitri are inseparable. They are, in fact, one. They combine and form a pair.
One is the Transcendent Source and the other its Creative Energy. Both
complement each other.
The importance of Shakti Marg
lies in the tapping of this power. Every atom is instinct with infinite power.
The explosion of one atom may result in the destruction of the whole cosmos.
But this happens when that supreme energy is properly released. The
transcendental, luminous Almighty God is known as Savita and its Shakti (power)
is known as Savitri. Savitri is not
different from Savita but complements it. They constitute one integrated pair.
God is incomprehensible, unknowable, formless and transcendent. It is only
through its creative energy; Savitri that inkling can be had of this absolute
Divine.
This is a matter which can be
understood only by deep and serious reflection. It is for this reason that the
authors of Upanishad have tried to fathom this mystery by giving various
examples, to make it easily intelligible to the people.
They say that mind is Savita,
speech is Savitri. Where there is mind, there is speech and where there is
speech there is mind. In the same way fire and earth, air and space, sun and
moon and stars, electricity and lightening, Pran (vital energy) and Anna
(food), Veda and Chand, Yagya and dakshina, day and night, hot and cold, fire
and water (varoon) have been stated to be Savita and Savitri constituting one
pair each. These are only a few examples. By giving these examples, the authors
of Upanishad have sought to suggest that supreme Divinity cannot manifest by
itself alone, so long as it remains in its Absolute Existence. It manifests
only when there is a stirring of its Shakti (manifesting energy). Thus,
absolute Savita manifests to man only through invocation of Savitri.
Lakshyami-Narayan, Sita-Rama,
Radha-Krishna, Uma-Shankar, Savita-Savitri, nature
and God, all these pairs indicate that each one of them complements the other
and is the cause for the manifestation of the other. Jeev (soul) also, which is
imperceptible, manifests itself on account of Maya (power of God). Human development
also cannot be one-sided. Integrated human development and evolution is
possible by awakening the dormant Divine Energy within.
Energy and the source of Energy
both are inter-related. Just as Savita can be experienced only through the
grace of Savitri, we should also awaken in ourselves, through collective
Sadhana, all these marvelous energies of the Divine Mother. Our Sadhana has to
be a collective effort of kindred souls.
Maitreya told Moudgalya that he
had become his disciple; he had acquired real knowledge and secret of
inter-relation between power and its source. He further told that whosoever
will come to know about the secret of this knowledge will not be subject to
mortality. Such a person will regard power as an inseparable part of his soul,
he will never misuse it. He must utilize it for the greatest goal.